diff options
| author | mo khan <mo@mokhan.ca> | 2025-09-15 18:49:40 -0600 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | mo khan <mo@mokhan.ca> | 2025-09-15 18:49:40 -0600 |
| commit | 892eb900676c627dbd79fd4000224d794e67d3df (patch) | |
| tree | 2a7e0f8d79ec6cf507b50f0a6c71ad5606e23440 /assignments/1 | |
| parent | d0a1d2e78e81536a0127065fe7015b1ef4cc353a (diff) | |
Simplify 1.3
Diffstat (limited to 'assignments/1')
| -rw-r--r-- | assignments/1/README.md | 65 |
1 files changed, 19 insertions, 46 deletions
diff --git a/assignments/1/README.md b/assignments/1/README.md index 61cf986..5f6779c 100644 --- a/assignments/1/README.md +++ b/assignments/1/README.md @@ -137,52 +137,25 @@ The Internet protocol stack has five layers, each with specific responsibilities > respectively? Develop a table to summarise their features, pros, > and cons. -Packet-switched network: Data is divided into small packets that -are independently routed through the network. Each packet contains -destination information, headers, and a portion of the original -message. Packets can take different paths to reach the destination -and are reassembled at the receiver. The network resources are -shared among multiple users through statistical multiplexing -(Kurose & Ross, 2021, Section 1.3.1). - -Circuit-switched network: A dedicated communication path (circuit) -is established between sender and receiver before any data transmission -begins. This circuit reserves network resources for the entire -duration of the communication session, providing a guaranteed path -with fixed bandwidth. The circuit must be torn down when communication -is complete (Kurose & Ross, 2021, Section 1.3.2). - -| Aspect | Packet-Switched | Circuit-Switched | -| ------ | ------ | ------- | -| Connection Model | Connectionless | Connection-oriented | -| Resource Allocation | Dynamic, shared among users | Dedicated, reserved for session | -| Path Determination | Per packet, can vary | Fixed for entire session | -| Bandwidth Utilization | Efficient, statistical multiplexing | Less efficient, reserved even when idle | -| Setup Requirements | None | Required before communication | -| Data Transmission | Store-and-forward | Direct circuit path | -| Reliability | Best effort delivery | Guaranteed delivery once connected | -| Cost Model | Lower, pay per usage | Higher, pay for reserved capacity | -| Congestion Handling | Queuing delays, packet loss possible | No congestion once circuit established | -| Scalability | Highly scalable | Limited by available circuits | -| Fault Tolerance | Robust, automatic rerouting | Vulnerable, circuit failure breaks connection | -| Performance | Variable delays, jitter possible | Predictable, consistent performance | - -### Advantages and Disadvantages - -#### Packet-Switched Networks - -- Pros: Efficient bandwidth usage, robust against link failures, cost-effective, supports multiple simultaneous connections, flexible routing -- Cons: Variable delays, potential packet loss, no guaranteed service quality, requires complex routing protocols, possible congestion - -#### Circuit-Switched Networks - -- Pros: Guaranteed bandwidth, predictable performance, simple once established, suitable for real-time applications, no packet overhead -- Cons: Inefficient resource utilization, blocking when circuits unavailable, requires setup/teardown time, expensive for bursty traffic, poor fault tolerance - -### Examples: - -- Packet-switched: Internet (IP), Ethernet LANs, modern data networks, email systems, web browsing -- Circuit-switched: Traditional telephone networks (PSTN), dedicated leased lines, T1/T3 connections +| Aspect | Packet-Switched | Circuit-Switched | +| ------------------- | ----------------------------------- | --------------------------------------- | +| Connection Model | Connectionless | Connection-oriented | +| Resource Allocation | Shared dynamically | Dedicated for session | +| Path Determination | Per packet, can vary | Fixed for entire session | +| Bandwidth Usage | Efficient, statistical multiplexing | Less efficient, reserved even when idle | +| Setup Required | None | Required before communication | +| Transmission Mode | Store-and-forward | Direct circuit path | +| Reliability | Best effort delivery | Guaranteed once connected | +| Cost | Lower, pay per usage | Higher, pay for reserved capacity | +| Scalability | High | Limited by circuits | +| Fault Tolerance | Robust, automatic rerouting | Vulnerable, failure breaks connection | +| Performance | Variable delays, jitter possible | Predictable, consistent | +| Typical Examples | Internet, Ethernet, web, email | PSTN, T1/T3 leased lines | + +Key Points: + +* Packet-switched: Efficient, flexible, cost-effective, but can have variable delays and packet loss. +* Circuit-switched: Predictable, guaranteed bandwidth, good for real-time traffic, but inefficient and less scalable. ## 1.4 Network Delays and Traffic Intensity (5%) |
