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# Assignment 1
This assignment should be submitted after you have finished Unit 1. It is worth 10% of your final grade.
## Part 1: Concepts and Principles (60 marks; 5 marks each)
Instructions: Please answer the following questions in complete sentences. Your answer for each question should be about 150 words.
1. Define the concepts interrupt and trap, and explain the purpose of an interrupt vector.
An interrupt vector is a list or table of interrupts. Each interrupt has an
address to the interrupt routine to execute when the interrupt is signaled.
A trap is a way to capture a triggered signal to allow programs to respond to
and handle the signal.
Signals can be sent to a particular process via the `kill` program.
A list of signals that can be sent are listed below:
```bash
モ kill -L
1) SIGHUP 2) SIGINT 3) SIGQUIT 4) SIGILL 5) SIGTRAP
6) SIGABRT 7) SIGBUS 8) SIGFPE 9) SIGKILL 10) SIGUSR1
11) SIGSEGV 12) SIGUSR2 13) SIGPIPE 14) SIGALRM 15) SIGTERM
16) SIGSTKFLT 17) SIGCHLD 18) SIGCONT 19) SIGSTOP 20) SIGTSTP
21) SIGTTIN 22) SIGTTOU 23) SIGURG 24) SIGXCPU 25) SIGXFSZ
26) SIGVTALRM 27) SIGPROF 28) SIGWINCH 29) SIGIO 30) SIGPWR
31) SIGSYS 34) SIGRTMIN 35) SIGRTMIN+1 36) SIGRTMIN+2 37) SIGRTMIN+3
38) SIGRTMIN+4 39) SIGRTMIN+5 40) SIGRTMIN+6 41) SIGRTMIN+7 42) SIGRTMIN+8
43) SIGRTMIN+9 44) SIGRTMIN+10 45) SIGRTMIN+11 46) SIGRTMIN+12 47) SIGRTMIN+13
48) SIGRTMIN+14 49) SIGRTMIN+15 50) SIGRTMAX-14 51) SIGRTMAX-13 52) SIGRTMAX-12
53) SIGRTMAX-11 54) SIGRTMAX-10 55) SIGRTMAX-9 56) SIGRTMAX-8 57) SIGRTMAX-7
58) SIGRTMAX-6 59) SIGRTMAX-5 60) SIGRTMAX-4 61) SIGRTMAX-3 62) SIGRTMAX-2
63) SIGRTMAX-1 64) SIGRTMAX
```
Programs can also trap a signal and handle them. In the following example
the Ruby program is trapping the `SIGUSR1` signal to reload a configuration
file.
```ruby
#!/usr/bin/env ruby
pid = fork do
Signal.trap("USR1") do
puts "done"
exit 0
end
loop do
print "."
sleep 1
end
end
Process.detach(pid)
sleep 5
Process.kill("USR1", pid)
```
When this program is run it will print a '.' 5 times and then exit.
```bash
モ ruby lib/sigtrap.rb
.....done
```
1. How does a computer system with von Neumann architecture execute an instruction?
* fetch instruction from memory and store that instruction in the instruction register.
* decode instruction. may cause operands to be fetched from memory and stored in some internal register.
* execute instruction
* store result back in register
```plaintext
-------------
| --------- |
| | CPU | |
| | ----- | |
| | |CU | | |
| | ----- | |
---------- | | ----- | | ----------
| Input | | | |ALU| | | ----> | Output |
| Device |----> | | ----- | | | Device |
---------- | --------- | ----------
| | A |
| V | |
| --------- |
| | MU | |
| --------- |
-------------
CPU: Central Processing Unit
CU: Control Unit
ALU: Arithmetic/Logic Unit
MU: Memory Unit
```
[source][wiki-von-neumann]
1. What role do device controllers and device drivers play in a computer system?
Each device controller is in charge of a specific type of device.
The device controller is responsible for moving the data between the peripheral
devices that it controls and its local buffer storage.
Operating systems have a device driver for each device controller. This
device driver understands the device controller and presents a uniform
interface to the device to the rest of the operating system.
To start an I/O operation, the device driver loads the appropriate registers
within the device controller. The device controller, in turn, examines the
contents of these registers to determine what action to take. The controller
starts the transfer of data from the device to its local buffer. Once
the transfer of data is complete, the device controller informs the device
driver via an interrupt that it has finished its operation. The device
driver then returns control to the operating system, possibly returning
the data or a pointer to the data if the operation was a read. For
other operations, the device driver returns status information.
1. Why do clustered systems provide what is considered high-availability service?
Clustered systems gather together multiple CPUs to accomplish computational
work. Clustered systems differ from multiprocessor systems in that they are
composed of two or more individual systems joined together.
Clusted computers share storage and are closely linked via a local area network.
A high availability service will continue even if one or more systems in the cluster
fail. HA is generally obtained by adding a level of redundancy in the system.
A layer of cluster software runs on the cluster nodes. Each node can monitor one or
more of the others. If the monitored machine fails, the monitoring machine can take
ownership of its storage and restart applications that were running on the failed machine.
The users and clients of the applications see only a brief interruption of service.
1. Describe an operating system's two modes of operation.
kernel mode: executes tasks on behalf of the operating system.
user mode: executes tasks on behalf of the user.
Whenever the operating system gains control of the computer, it is in kernel mode.
The dual modes of operation provides a way for protecting the operating system
from malicious behaviour. Instructions that can cause harm are treated as
privileged instructions. Privileged instructions can only be executed in
kernel mode.
1. Define cache, and explain cache coherency.
The cache acts as a faster storage system that can store items on a temporary basis.
When a piece of data is needed, the cache can be used to fetch the data once
and stored in the cache. Subsequent attempts to access the same data can be
fetched from the cache at a faster rate of access. Cache is meant to be temporary
for fetching frequently used data quickly. However, the cache can become stale
and out of sync with the backing storage from where the cache initially retrieved
the data. Cache expiration is one of the hard problems in computer science.
In a multitasking environment if several processes wish to access a piece of data
then each process must access the current value of that piece of data. If that
piece of data is stored in different caches it is possible for the same piece
of data to have a different value if there isn't a mechanism to synchronize each
of the caches with any mutations made to the piece of data. Cache coherency
ensures that the data stored in different layers of cache are synchronized and
this is typically handled in the hardware layer.
1. Describe why direct memory access (DMA) is considered an efficient mechanism for performing I/O.
Reading data from different types of hardware can yield inconsistent I/O performance.
It can also degrage harder at a faster rate due to increased usage. DMA allows for
copying data from hardware into an in memory buffer that can be accessed directly.
This allows read sequential pieces of data from the hardware less often and speeds
up access to the data. One interrupt is generated per block rather than the one
interrupt per byte of data read.
1. Describe why multicore processing is more efficient than placing each processor on its own chip.
On-chip communication is faster than between-chip communication. One chip with
multiple cores uses less power than multiple single-core chips.
1. Describe the relationship between an API, the system-call interface, and the operating system.
* API: Application Programming Interface
* System-call interface: The API provided by the operating system for executing privileged instructions.
* Operating System: The system managing the interface between the hardware and software.
The system-call interface is an API provided by the operating systems so that
user programs can request access to perform functions like reading/writing to
I/O devices etc.
1. Describe some requirements and goals to consider when designing an operating system.
1. Provide a system call interface for user mode programs to use.
2. Provide compilers, linkers etc to build user mode programs.
3. Provide consistent abstractions to shield user mode programs from needing to know the details of each piece of hardware.
4. Can execute multiple tasks concurrently
5. Can operate against different combinations of hardware without impact to user mode programs.
6. Process management
7. Memory management
1. Explain why a modular kernel may be the best of the current operating system design techniques.
The kernel has a set of core components and links in additional services either during boot time
or during run time. Such a strategy uses dynamically loadable modules and is common in modern
implementations of UNIX, such as Solaris, Linux and macOS.
Solaris is organized around a core kernel with seven types of loadable kernel modules:
1. Scheduling classes
2. File systems
3. Loadable system calls
4. Executable formats
5. STREAMS modules
6. Miscellaneous
7. Device and bus drivers
1. Distinguish between virtualization and simulation.
## Part 2: Design Considerations (40 marks)
Instructions: Please answer the following questions in about 1-2 pages each.
1. Draw a typical computer organization figure that includes the main components of von Neumann architecture. Identify each component, and explain its function and interaction relative to other components. (15 marks)
1. Define system call, and list the main types of system calls. Elaborate on how a system call interacts with a standard C library and hardware under a dual-mode operating system environment. (10 marks)
1. Describe the overall structure of virtual machines, and compare VMware and JVM. (15 marks)
[wiki-von-neumann]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Neumann_architecture
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